How the moon affects the earth from the point of view of gardening. Lunar secrets: why is the satellite so important for the earth? Does the moon influence the earth?
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
higher professional education
"Siberian State Aerospace University
named after academician M.F. Reshetnev"
Scientific and educational center
"Institute of Space Research and High Technologies"
Department of Technical Physics
Report on educational (introductory) practice
The influence of the Moon as a natural satellite on planet Earth
Direction: 011200.62 “Physics”
Performed:
3rd year student, group BF12-01
Persman Kristina Viktorovna
Supervisor:
Ph.D., Associate Professor
Parshin Anatoly Sergeevich
Krasnoyarsk 2014
INTRODUCTION
1Origin of the Moon
2Movement of the Moon
3Shape of the Moon
4Phases of the Moon
5Internal structure of the Moon
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1Ebbs and flows
2Earthquakes and the Moon
RESEARCH RESULTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
The Moon, by its influence, has a very great influence on planet Earth and has a very large role in its, and most importantly, our existence, no less than the Sun. To understand its role in our lives, let's go back 4.5 billion years, when the solar system was still young, and the Earth did not yet have a Moon. Our planet flew around the Sun alone, bombarded by comets and asteroids, as if in a giant cosmic billiards game. Nowadays, scars from such ancient blows can no longer be found. Some of the trillions of pieces of debris floating around in space coalesced into the protoplanet Theia. The orbit that brought it to a collision with the Earth. The blow to the young Earth was a glancing one. The cores of the planets merged together, and huge masses of molten rock were thrown into low-Earth orbit. Since this substance was liquid, it easily gathered into a spherical object, which became the Moon.
Although the mass of the Moon is 27 million times less than the mass of the Sun, it is 374 times closer to the Earth and has a strong influence on it, causing rising tides in some places and low tides in others. This happens every 12 hours 25 minutes, since the Moon makes a full revolution around the Earth in 24 hours 50 minutes.
The Moon is the Earth's companion in outer space. Every month the Moon makes a complete journey around the Earth. It glows only from light reflected from the Sun.
The Moon is the only satellite of the Earth and the only extraterrestrial world that people have visited. By studying it, people learned to use its properties for their needs without causing harm to the environment.
1 Origin of the Moon
The origin of the Moon has not yet been definitively established. The problem is that we have too many assumptions and too few facts. All this happened so long ago that none of the hypotheses can be verified.
Many theories have been proposed at different times. Three mutually exclusive hypotheses were considered the most likely. One is the capture hypothesis, according to which the Moon formed independently of the Earth and was later captured by its gravitational field. Another is the co-formation hypothesis, according to which the Earth and the Moon were formed from a single cloud of gas and dust. And the third is the centrifugal separation hypothesis, according to which the Moon was separated from the Earth under the influence of centrifugal forces.
However, analysis of lunar soil samples delivered by American astronauts cast doubt on all these hypotheses. Scientists had to put forward a new one - a collision hypothesis, according to which the Moon was formed as a result of the collision of the protoplanet Earth with another large cosmic body - the protoplanet Theia.
Giant impact hypothesis
Figure 1 - collision of the Earth with Theia
The collision hypothesis was proposed by William Hartman
The collision hypothesis is currently considered the main one, since it well explains all the known facts about the chemical composition and structure of the Moon, as well as the physical parameters of the Earth-Moon system. Initially, great doubts were raised about the possibility of such a successful collision (oblique impact, low relative speed) of such a large body with the Earth. But then it was suggested that Theia formed in Earth's orbit, at one of the Lagrange points
To explain the iron deficiency on the Moon, we have to accept the assumption that by the time of the collision (4.5 billion years ago) both on Earth and on Theia, gravitational differentiation had already occurred, that is, a heavy iron core was released and a light silicate mantle was formed. No clear geological evidence has been found for this assumption.
If the Moon had somehow ended up in Earth’s orbit at such a distant time and after that had not undergone significant shocks, then, according to calculations, a multi-meter layer of dust settling from space would supposedly have accumulated on its surface
2 Moon movement
The Moon moves around the Earth at an average speed of 1.02 km/sec in an approximately elliptical orbit in the same direction in which the vast majority of other bodies in the Solar System move, that is, counterclockwise when we sit down to look at the Moon's orbit from the North Pole. The semimajor axis of the Moon's orbit, equal to the average distance between the centers of the Earth and the Moon, is 384,400 km (approximately 60 Earth radii). Due to the ellipticity of the orbit and disturbances, the distance to the Moon varies between 356,400 and 406,800 km. The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth, the so-called sidereal (stellar) month, is 27.32166 days, but is subject to slight fluctuations and a very small secular reduction. The movement of the Moon around the Earth is very complex, and its study is one of the most difficult problems of celestial mechanics.
Elliptical motion is only a rough approximation, and is subject to many disturbances caused by the attraction of the Sun, the planets, and the oblateness of the Earth. The most important of these disturbances, or inequalities, were discovered from observations long before their theoretical derivation from the law of universal gravitation. The attraction of the Moon by the Sun is 2.2 times stronger than by the Earth, so, strictly speaking, one should consider the movement of the Moon around the Sun and the disturbance of this movement by the Earth. However, since the researcher is interested in the movement of the Moon as seen from the Earth, the gravitational theory, which was developed by many major scientists, starting with I. Newton, considers the movement of the Moon around the Earth. In the 20th century, they used the theory of the American mathematician J. Hill, on the basis of which the American astronomer E. Brown calculated (1919) mathematical series and compiled tables containing the latitude, longitude and parallax of the Moon. The argument is time.
The plane of the Moon's orbit is inclined to the ecliptic at an angle of 5°843, subject to slight fluctuations. The points of intersection of the orbit with the ecliptic are called the ascending and descending nodes, have an uneven retrograde motion and make a full revolution along the ecliptic in 6794 days (about 18 years), as a result of which the Moon returns to the same node after an interval of time - the so-called draconic month, - shorter than the sidereal one and on average equal to 27.21222 days, the frequency of solar and lunar eclipses is associated with this month. The Moon rotates around an axis inclined to the ecliptic plane at an angle of 88°28", with a period exactly equal to the sidereal month, as a result of which it always faces the Earth with the same side.
This coincidence of the periods of axial rotation and orbital revolution is not accidental, but is caused by tidal friction that the Earth produced in the solid or once liquid shell of the Moon. However, the combination of uniform rotation with uneven orbital movement causes small periodic deviations from a constant direction to the Earth, reaching 7° 54" in longitude, and the inclination of the Moon's rotation axis to the plane of its orbit causes deviations of up to 6° 50" in latitude, resulting in different time from the Earth you can see up to 59% of the entire surface of the Moon (although areas near the edges of the lunar disk are visible only from a strong perspective); such deviations are called libration of the Moon. The planes of the Moon's equator, ecliptic and lunar orbit always intersect along one straight line (Cassini's law).
1.3 Shape of the Moon
The shape of the Moon is very close to a sphere with a radius of 1737 km, which is equal to 0.2724 of the equatorial radius of the Earth. The surface area of the Moon is 3.8 * 107 km2, and the volume is 2.2 * 1025 cm3. A more detailed determination of the Moon’s figure is complicated by the fact that on the Moon, due to the absence of oceans, there is no clearly defined level surface in relation to which heights and depths could be determined; in addition, since the Moon is turned to the Earth with one side, it seems possible to measure the radii of points on the surface of the visible hemisphere of the Moon from the Earth (except for points at the very edge of the lunar disk) only on the basis of a weak stereoscopic effect caused by libration.
The study of libration made it possible to estimate the difference between the major semi-axes of the Moon's ellipsoid. The polar axis is less than the equatorial axis, directed towards the Earth, by about 700 m and less than the equatorial axis, perpendicular to the direction to the Earth, by 400 m. Thus, the Moon, under the influence of tidal forces, is slightly elongated towards the Earth. The mass of the Moon is most accurately determined from observations of its artificial satellites. It is 81 times less than the mass of the earth, which corresponds to 7.35 * 1025 g. The average density of the Moon is 3.34 g cm3 (0.61 the average density of the Earth). The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Moon is 6 times greater than on Earth, is 162.3 cm sec2 and decreases by 0.187 cm sec2 when increasing by 1 kilometer. The first escape velocity is 1680 m. sec, the second is 2375 m. sec. Due to the low gravity, the Moon was unable to maintain a gas shell around itself, as well as water in a free state.
1.4 Moon phases
The change in the phase of the Moon is caused by changes in the conditions of illumination by the Sun of the dark globe of the Moon as it moves along its orbit. With a change in the relative position of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun, the terminator (the boundary between the illuminated and unilluminated parts of the Moon's disk) moves, which causes a change in the outlines of the visible part of the Moon.
The duration of the complete change of phases of the Moon (the so-called synodic month) is variable due to the ellipticity of the lunar orbit, and varies from 29.25 to 29.83 Earth solar days. The average synodic month is 29.5305882 days (29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2.82 seconds).
In phases of the Moon close to the new moon (at the beginning of the first quarter and at the end of the last quarter), with a very narrow crescent, the unlit part forms the so-called. ashen light of the Moon - the visible glow of a surface not illuminated by direct sunlight of a characteristic ashen color.
The moon goes through the following phases of illumination:
.new moon - a state when the moon is not visible.
.new moon - the first appearance of the Moon in the sky after the new moon in the form of a narrow crescent.
.first quarter - the state when half of the Moon is illuminated.
.waxing moon
.full moon - a state when the entire moon is illuminated.
Waning moon
.last quarter - the state when half of the moon is illuminated again.
old moon
1.5 Internal structure of the Moon
Figure 2 - internal structure of the moon
The Moon, like the Earth, consists of distinct layers: crust, mantle and core. This structure is believed to have formed immediately after the formation of the Moon - 4.5 billion years ago. The thickness of the lunar crust is believed to be 50 km. Moonquakes occur within the thickness of the lunar mantle, but unlike earthquakes, which are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, moonquakes are caused by the tidal forces of the Earth. The Moon's core, like the Earth's core, consists of iron, but its size is much smaller and is 350 km in radius. The average density of the Moon is 3.3 g/cm3.
STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
study the Moon and its influence on the Earth;
compare the forces and processes that affect the Earth under the influence of the Moon and other planets;
analyze earthquakes associated with the Moon and planet Earth;
In the future, work will continue on the topic “The influence of the Moon as a natural satellite on planet Earth” with a study of the current phenomena of the Moon. An analysis of the received data will be carried out, based on the results we will receive in the process of calculating and studying the interaction of the satellite with the planet.
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1 Ebbs and flows
The influence of the Moon on the earthly world exists, but it is not pronounced. You can hardly see him. The only phenomenon that visibly demonstrates the effect of the Moon's gravity is the Moon's influence on the ebb and flow of the tides. Our ancient ancestors associated them with the Moon. And they were absolutely right. The tides are so strong in some places that the water recedes hundreds of meters from the shore, exposing the bottom where the people living on the coast collected seafood. But with inexorable precision, the water that has retreated from the shore rolls in again. If you don’t know how often the tides occur, you can find yourself far from the shore and even die under the advancing water mass. The coastal peoples knew perfectly well the schedule of the arrival and departure of waters. This phenomenon occurs twice a day. Moreover, ebbs and flows exist not only in the seas and oceans. All water sources are influenced by the Moon. But far from the seas it is almost imperceptible: sometimes the water rises a little, sometimes it drops a little. Liquid is the only natural element that moves behind the Moon, oscillating. A stone or a house cannot be attracted to the moon because it has a solid structure. Pliable and plastic water clearly demonstrates the influence of lunar mass.
The Moon most strongly influences the waters of the seas and oceans on the side of the Earth that is currently facing directly towards it. If you look at the Earth at this moment, you can see how the Moon pulls the waters of the world's oceans towards itself, lifts them, and the thickness of the water swells, forming a “hump”, or rather, two “humps” appear - the high one on the side where the Moon is located , and less pronounced on the opposite side. The “humps” precisely follow the movement of the Moon around the Earth. Since the world ocean is a single whole and the waters in it communicate, the humps move from shore to shore. Since the Moon passes twice through points located at a distance of 180 degrees from each other, we observe two high tides and two low tides.
The highest tides occur on the ocean shores. In our country - on the shores of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Less significant ebbs and flows are typical for inland seas. This phenomenon is observed even weaker in lakes or rivers. But even on the shores of the oceans, the tides are stronger at one time of the year and weaker at others. This is already due to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The closer the Moon is to the surface of our planet, the stronger the tides will be. The further you go, the weaker it naturally gets. Water masses are influenced not only by the Moon, but also by the Sun. Only the distance from the Earth to the Sun is much greater, so we do not notice its gravitational activity. But it has long been known that sometimes the ebb and flow of the tides become very strong. This happens whenever there is a new moon or full moon. This is where the power of the Sun comes into play. At this moment, all three planets - the Moon, Earth and Sun - line up in a straight line. There are already two gravitational forces acting on the Earth - both the Moon and the Sun. Naturally, the height of the rise and fall of the waters increases. The combined influence of the Moon and the Sun will be strongest when both planets are on the same side of the Earth, that is, when the Moon is between the Earth and the Sun. And the water will rise more strongly from the side of the Earth facing the Moon.
In relation to planet Earth, the cause of tides is the presence of the planet in the gravitational field created by the Sun and Moon. Since the effects they create are independent, the impact of these celestial bodies on Earth can be considered separately. In this case, for each pair of bodies we can assume that each of them revolves around a common center of gravity. For the Earth-Sun pair, this center is located deep in the Sun at a distance of 451 km from its center. For the Earth-Moon pair, it is located deep in the Earth at a distance of 2/3 of its radius.
Each of these bodies experiences tidal forces, the source of which is the force of gravity and internal forces that ensure the integrity of the celestial body, in the role of which is the force of its own attraction, hereinafter called self-gravity. The emergence of tidal forces can be most clearly seen in the Earth-Sun system.
The tidal force is the result of the competing interaction of the gravitational force, directed towards the center of gravity and decreasing in inverse proportion to the square of the distance from it, and the fictitious centrifugal force of inertia caused by the rotation of the celestial body around this center. These forces, being opposite in direction, coincide in magnitude only at the center of mass of each of the celestial bodies. Thanks to the action of internal forces, the Earth rotates around the center of the Sun as a whole with a constant angular velocity for each element of its constituent mass. Therefore, as this element of mass moves away from the center of gravity, the centrifugal force acting on it increases in proportion to the square of the distance. A more detailed distribution of tidal forces in their projection onto a plane perpendicular to the ecliptic plane is shown in (Fig. 3).
Figure 3 - diagram of the distribution of tidal forces in projection onto a plane perpendicular to the Ecliptic. The gravitating body is either to the right or to the left.
The reproduction of changes in the shape of bodies exposed to them, achieved as a result of the action of tidal forces, can, in accordance with the Newtonian paradigm, be achieved only if these forces are completely compensated by other forces, which may include the force of universal gravity.
Figure 4 - deformation of the Earth's water shell as a consequence of the balance of tidal force, self-gravitational force and the force of reaction of water to compression force
As a result of the addition of these forces, tidal forces arise symmetrically on both sides of the globe, directed in different directions from it. The tidal force directed towards the Sun is of gravitational nature, while the force directed away from the Sun is a consequence of the fictitious force of inertia.
These forces are extremely weak and cannot be compared with the forces of self-gravity (the acceleration they create is 10 million times less than the acceleration of gravity). However, they cause a shift in the water particles of the World Ocean (the resistance to shear in water at low speeds is practically zero, while to compression it is extremely high), until the tangent to the surface of the water becomes perpendicular to the resulting force.
As a result, a wave appears on the surface of the world's oceans, occupying a constant position in systems of mutually gravitating bodies, but running along the surface of the ocean together with the daily movement of its bottom and shores. Thus (ignoring ocean currents), each particle of water undergoes an oscillatory movement up and down twice during the day.
Horizontal movement of water is observed only near the coast as a consequence of a rise in its level. The more shallow the seabed is, the greater the speed of movement.
Tidal phenomena occur not only in the water, but also in the air shell of the Earth. They are called atmospheric tides. Tides also occur in the solid body of the Earth, since the Earth is not absolutely solid. Vertical fluctuations of the Earth's surface due to tides reach several tens of centimeters.
2 Earthquakes and the Moon
moon phase tide
The moon can not only cause tides on Earth, but is also the cause of earthquakes. The approach of the Earth's satellite raises the surface of our planet by 30 cm every day. Large earthquakes are not so dependent on the influence of the Moon, since they occur on rock shifts at great depths under enormous stress. In any case, the lunar effect is much weaker than it appears. Tectonic plates accumulate stress over centuries. If earthquakes were directly dependent on lunar tides , then they would occur every day, when the satellite’s gravity would reach its maximum.
The earthquake is explained by the presence of gravitational connections between the Earth and the Moon, the tides of their solid crust, and the mutual rotation of bodies. If we take into account that the vibrations of the solid crust occur elastically, at certain moments of time, due to the presence of defects in the solid crust, in faults, “bounce” peaks appear, similar to the “bounce” of a metal rod. If we have a metal rod without defects and excite mechanical vibrations in it, at each point we will observe the vibrations that we excited. If there are defects in this rod, the cracking “blinking” that occurs in the crack will be superimposed on sinusoidal oscillations. At the moment when the wave carrying “batter” from all sides comes to the corresponding crack, energy will be released at the location of the crack.
There is a similar picture of the development of earthquakes in the earth's crust. Undamped oscillations of the earth's crust are created by the rotation of the earth and the gravitational forces of the moon and sun and pass elastically along the surface of the earth. Rattling occurs in places of “living cracks”, where the vibrations of the tidal wave in the Earth are not transmitted smoothly, elastically, but displacements occur. The direction of the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon determines the direction of the chatter wave communication line from the Earth to the Moon (to the Sun). During the existence and development of gravitational connection, two main forces act on the rocks of the Earth. This is the gravitational force of the Earth and the gravitational force of the Moon. When the Moon leaves and the connection is broken, only the gravity of the Earth remains. The entire difference in the gravitational energies of the Earth and the Moon is directed to the location of the future epicenter of the earthquake. At the moment of “breaking” of this connection during the rotation of the planets, a wave appears directed to the place where the chatter originates. This wave, called the "KaY" wave, is characterized by the fact that it arises due to the occurrence of gravitational resonance coupling of "rattling zones" on the Moon and Earth. When the Moon moves, this line of communication shifts, with the balance of the gravitational forces of the planets. When communication with the Moon is lost, the line breaks and reverse “KaY” waves (“Kay” - Kozyrev and Yagodin) appear on the Earth and on the Moon, carrying energy towards future earthquake epicenters. Since this wave goes to one point from the area, its energy increases and by the time it arrives at the point it has enormous energy, causing an earthquake in that place. Very often you can observe how “blinking” occurs on a wave and is detected by the sensor in the form of a “group of peaks”. They correspond not to one earthquake, but to a whole group of earthquakes over a large area at different times. In this case, each peak corresponds to a shock in these earthquakes, and the quotient of the distance from the sensor to the epicenters of these earthquakes divided by the time elapsed from the appearance of the peak on the sensor to the beginning of the corresponding earthquakes is a constant.
3. RESEARCH RESULTS
The purpose of this work was to calculate the gradient of the force of the Moon with which it acts on planet Earth (comparable to the Sun):
The force of gravitational attraction is proportional to the mass M of the attracting body and inversely proportional to the square of the distance R to it. Accordingly, on the surface of the Earth, the force of attraction towards the Earth itself (MEarth = 6·1027 g. REarth = 6378 km) is 1 g, towards the Sun (MSun = 2·1033 g. RSun = 150·106 km) - 0.00058g, and to the Moon (Moon = 7·1025 g; Moon = 384·103 km) - only 0.0000031g, i.e. 190 times weaker than to the Sun. It is also obvious that in a uniform force field there will be no tides.
However, the gravitational field is not uniform, but has a center in the attracting mass M. Accordingly, for any body with finite dimensions there will be a difference in gravitational forces at opposite edges, which is called tidal force. The tidal force will be proportional to the first derivative of the gravitational force. The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the derivative of 1/r2 is equal to -2/r3, that is, inversely proportional to the cube of the distances.
Therefore, the Moon, which is much closer to the Earth, despite its small mass, creates a tidal force almost 2 times greater than the Sun.
It is also necessary to explain why there are no earthquakes at the poles.
Earthquakes occur at the junction of lithospheric plates. Plate boundaries correspond to ocean shelves on geographic maps. There are no tectonic plates at the north pole, but there is one at the south pole, but it is not moving anywhere. We found out that the Moon does not create earthquakes itself, directly, therefore, there are no earthquakes at the poles. Of course, tidal forces do not act at the poles.
Figure 5 - location of lithospheric plates
The Earth and Moon revolve around a common center of gravity (barycenter) of the system Earth - Moon with a sidereal (relative to stars) period of 27.3 days (days). The Earth describes an orbit that is a mirror image of the Moon's orbit, but its dimensions are 81 times smaller than the lunar orbit. The barycenter is always located inside the Earth, at a distance of approximately 4670 km from its center. The body of the Earth rotates without rotation (translationally) around a “fixed” (in the Earth-Moon system) barycenter. As a result of such a monthly revolution of the Earth, all terrestrial particles are subject to exactly the same centrifugal force as at the Earth’s center of mass. The sum of the vectors of the centrifugal force and the gravitational force of the Moon is called the tidal force of the Moon. The tidal force of the Sun is determined similarly. The magnitude of the tidal force is a function of the declination and geocentric distance of the Moon (or Sun). The amplitude of the monthly oscillations of the Moon's declination varies with a period of 18.61 years from 29° to 18°, due to the axis precession (regression of the nodes) of the lunar orbit. The perigee of the lunar orbit moves with a period of 8.85 years. The declination and geocentric distance of the Sun change with a period of 1 year. The earth rotates around its own axis with a daily period. As a result, the amplitude of oscillations of lunar-solar tidal forces changes over time with periods: 18.61 years, 8.85 years, 6.0 years, 1 year, 0.5 years, monthly, semi-monthly, weekly, daily , semi-diurnal and many other less significant periods.
Statistics of the most dangerous earthquakes and tsunamis from 1960 to 2011
The Great Chile Earthquake, probably the largest earthquake on record, with a magnitude of 9.3 to 9.5, occurred on May 22, 1960 at 19:11 UTC.
The location of the epicenter is 39°30? Yu. w. 74°30? h. d.
Moon: phase 6% before new moon, distance 396679 km; astronomical new moon May 25, 1960 12:27, the distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Moon is 403567 km, but before that the full moon May 11, 1960 05:41 UTC, 362311 km, supermoon.
Earthquake strength (moment) -9.2.
Earthquake strength (based on surface waves) - 8.4
Latitude 61° 2" 24" N Longitude 147° 43" 48" W
Moon: phase 0% - full moon, distance 393010 km.
Tashkent earthquake on April 26, 1966 at 5 hours 23 minutes. - catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 5.2).
Latitude. 41° 12" 0" N Longitude. 69° 6" 0" E
Moon: phase 27%, distance 371345 km;
The Tangshan earthquake on July 28, 1976 at 3:42 local time (July 27, 1976 19:48 UTC) was a catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 8.2.
Latitude 39° 39" 50" N Longitude 118° 24" 4" E.
Moon: phase 1% - new moon, distance 376365 km.
Spitak earthquake December 7, 1988 at 10:41 MCK (7:41 UTC) catastrophic earthquake of magnitude 7.2.
Latitude. 40° 59" 13" N Longitude. 44° 11" 6" E
Moon: phase 4% BC (2 days), distance 394161 km;
Earthquake in Kobe. The earthquake occurred on the morning of Tuesday, January 17, 1995 at 05:46 local time (January 16, 1995 20:46 UTC). The force of the tremors reached 7.3 magnitudes on the Richter scale.
84° north latitude and 143.08° east longitude.
Moon: phase 100% - full moon, distance 395878 km, previous new moon January 1, 1995 10:55 UTC, distance to the Moon 362357 km. Supermoon.
The Neftegorsk earthquake - an earthquake with tragic consequences with a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale, occurred on the night of May 28, 1995 at 1:03 (May 27, 1995 13:03 UTC).
The epicenter is 55° north latitude and 142° east longitude.
Moon: phase 3% before the new moon, distance 402328 (new moon - May 29, 1995 09:28), but before that: full moon May 14, 1995 20:47 UTC, distance 358563 km. Supermoon.
The Izmit earthquake was a catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 7.6) that occurred on August 17, 1999 in Turkey at 3:01 local time (UTC 00:01:39).
Latitude 40° 44" 53" N Longitude 29° 51" 50" E
Moon: phase 30% after the new moon (5 days), distance 400765 km;
The Sichuan earthquake was a devastating earthquake of magnitude 7.9 that occurred on May 12, 2008 at 14:28:01 local time (06:28:01 UTC) in China.
Latitude 31° 0" 7" N Longitude 103° 19" 19" E.
Moon: phase 51%, 7 days after the new moon, distance 379372 km: new moon May 5, 2008 10:55 UTC, distance to the Moon 358184 km. Supermoon.
Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami December 26, 2004 at 00:58 UTC - the second most powerful earthquake in recorded history (magnitude 9.2) and the deadliest of all known tsunamis.
°30" north latitude and 95°87" east longitude.
Moon: phase 100%, full moon 404408 km, but before that new moon December 12 01:28, 364922 km. Supermoon.
Tsunami April 2, 2007, Solomon Islands (archipelago). Caused by a magnitude 8 earthquake that occurred in the South Pacific at 07:39. Waves several meters high reached New Guinea.
Moon: phase 0%, full moon, distance 404000 km, previous new moon March 19, 2007 at 02:44, 364311 km. Supermoon.
Japan Honshu 9.0 earthquake and tsunami occurred on March 11, 2011 at 14:46 local time (05:46 UTC). Latitude 38.30N and longitude 142.50E. The source of the earthquake was located at a depth of 32 km.
Moon: phase 32% after the new moon (5 days), distance 393837. Astronomical new moon March 4, 2011 20:47, distance 404793 km; but the next full moon is March 19, 2011 20:46. Supermoon.
The above are catastrophic earthquakes and tsunamis over the past 50 years. Statistics show that all of them happened during a full moon or new moon (with the exception of Tashkent and Izmit, which indirectly indicates their man-made nature). In addition, almost 80% of them are somehow related to the supermoon. Based on this analysis, we can conclude that during periods of supermoons, the risk of disasters from natural disasters actually increases.
Figure 6 - diagram of the distribution of earthquakes depending on the phases of the Moon and its position in orbit
When constructing the diagram, we completely ignored all the inequalities of the Moon's movement. The average values of the synodic (29.5 days) and anomalistic months (27.5 days) were taken. The average positions of syzygies and quadratures are plotted on the diagram, and the apogee (A) is shown as the average moment between adjacent perigees (P). For each earthquake, its distance in time to the nearest phase of the Moon, marked on the diagram, and to the moment the Moon passed through perigee or apogee was determined. The uncertainty of construction arising from the simplifications made hardly reaches one day. On the constructed diagram, each earthquake is marked with a dot. Earthquakes that fall on the diagram frame are marked adjacent to it, inside the diagram, and repeated on each of the opposite sides of the frame.
The constructed diagram clearly shows that near perigee earthquakes most often occur in syzygies, i.e. during the full moon and new moon, and at that time they almost never happen around quadratures. The second well-defined feature of the diagram is the grouping of earthquakes along directions running at an angle of 45 degrees. from syzygy to perigee. These directions represent the sequence of days of those lunations for which the new moon or full moon coincided with perigee. Consequently, not only the days of maximum tides in the earth's crust are favorable for earthquakes, but also the days immediately following them. Thus, maximum tides disrupt the condition of the outer layers of the Earth to such an extent that conditions favorable to earthquakes persist for a period of about a month.
CONCLUSION
In the course of this work, the natural satellite of the planet Earth, the Moon, was studied.
The influences the Moon has on the Earth were studied.
Based on these observations, we can conclude that the Moon really has an impact on planet Earth, both favorable and not. If we consider the influence of the phases of the Moon on a person, there is an assumption that it can also improve or worsen his well-being and thereby influence his activities. The study of the satellite and its effects is not yet fully understood. However, man has already learned to use such a property as gravitational force. A tidal power plant is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses the energy of tides, and in fact the kinetic energy of the Earth's rotation. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Fluctuations in water levels near the shore can reach 18 meters. Tidal hydroelectric power plants are considered the most environmentally friendly. Therefore, the study of this topic has a huge role. That is why I consider the chosen topic quite relevant.
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Belonuchkin V. // Tidal forces Quantum. 1989. T. 12, issue. 3. P. 435.
Markov A. The Road to the Moon // In the journal. "Aviation and astronautics". ? 2002. ? No. 3. - P. 34.
General course in astronomy / Kononovich E.V., Moroz V.I.
E ed., rev. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2004. - 544 p.
Randzini D.M. // Cosmos, 2002. - P. 320.
Stars and planets. / Ya.M. Ridpath / Atlas of the Starry Sky,
V.D. Krotikov, V.S. Trinity. Radio emission and the nature of the Moon // Advances in Physics. Sciences, 1963. T.81. Issue 4. p.589-639
A.V. Khabakov. On the main issues of the history of the development of the lunar surface. M, 1949, 195 p.
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There is a close connection. It is of such a nature as if the satellite is not an independent celestial body, but is one of the continents of the blue planet. For example, in one of the craters of the eternal cosmic brother, a glow of gases is observed, and a day later a powerful earthquake occurs in Japan. So it can be argued that there is a certain influence of the Moon on the Earth.
Long-term observations show that unusual phenomena on the lunar surface are followed by earthly cataclysms. This always happens, so this cannot be considered coincidences or accidents. Lunar phenomena become more active, and our planet immediately responds with volcanic eruptions and ground vibrations.
What is the reason for such phenomena? Here it must be said that before the cataclysm begins, hidden processes are activated in the earth’s crust. By the way, many animals feel them perfectly. This applies to fish in aquariums, cats, and dogs. Our little brothers begin to rush about and worry for no reason. It is quite possible to assume that the space satellite also perceives disturbances in the earth’s crust even before the start of tremors. And this is expressed in the form of various phenomena on a lifeless surface.
This is one point of view, but there is another. Various luminous phenomena on the lunar surface arise as a result of some hidden processes that take place in the bowels of the satellite. They provoke earthquakes in the earth's crust. As paradoxical as it may sound, many experts believe that it is the Moon that is responsible for powerful tremors on Earth.
By the way, Russian scientists have studied historical records of a wide variety of natural disasters over the past 900 years. It was discovered that the most powerful geological disasters occurred during the full moon.
But the influence of the Moon on the Earth is not limited only to geological processes. Our eternal cosmic brother has a certain effect on living beings. English scientists, studying the circulatory system of the black cockroach, discovered a substance in it that accelerates the work of the heart. Its concentration was measured over several weeks. And it was found that it is directly dependent on the lunar phases.
Research from beautiful, graceful insects was transferred to rodents and then to humans. Blood tests in these cases showed the same dependence. Moreover, it was discovered that the content of the substance reached a maximum two days after the new moon and full moon, and then began to fall.
The chemical composition of substances that accelerate heart function has been established. These are acetylcholine and serotonin. Their content is not constant and fluctuates in accordance with the daily cycle. And after the new moon and full moon, norepinephrine appears in the blood. All of these chemical compounds are known to be involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. That is, they are directly related to the brain, psyche and nervous system.
Thus, it can be assumed that the influence of the Moon on the Earth is also carried out through the named chemical substances. In this case, the entire living world of the blue planet is affected, since the satellite has a direct impact on the control mechanisms of cells. Consequently, the cosmos takes an active part in all the processes that take place in an endless series in the sublunary world, and it is not for nothing that it is called that.
The Moon is a natural satellite of our planet and at the same time is the brightest object in the night sky. In the Solar System, the Moon is the fifth largest natural satellite of the planets. In addition, the Moon is the very first and only extraterrestrial space object visited by man today. The period of the Moon's revolution around the globe is almost 28 days (27.3216 is a sidereal month). Due to the fact that the Moon is not a self-luminous object in the night sky, but only reflects the light of the sun's rays, from the ground we can only see the illuminated side of the satellite.
There is practically no atmosphere on the Moon, and it is because of this that its surface, on which the sun’s rays fall, heats up to 120°C, and at night or in the shade this same hot surface rapidly cools to 160°C.
The most well-known fact of the influence of the Moon on earthly processes is the ebb and flow of the seas. The fact is that the gravitational influence of the Moon on the Earth is more intense on the side of the Earth that is currently facing the Moon, and on the opposite side the Moon does not exert gravitational attraction. For this reason, the oceans stretch in the direction of the Moon, which is why sea tides arise.
Explorations of the Moon began in ancient times. The first lunar maps appeared in 1651 thanks to Giovanni Riccioli.
By the way, it was G. Riccioli who first gave names to the largest lunar areas, calling them “seas,” a term that is still used to this day to designate places on the moon. Further, with the advent of photography, exploration of the Moon became more intense, since photographs made it possible to study the surface of the moon in more detail, and in 1881, Jules Janssen first compiled a photographic atlas of the lunar surface.
With the beginning of the space age, knowledge about our space satellite has increased significantly. It was in the space race, which was carried out by the USSR and the USA, for primacy in space and on the Moon that we became aware of the composition of the lunar soil, since it was managed to be delivered to the ground, and not studied on a satellite. Also, thanks to these countries that fought for supremacy, a map of the far side of the Moon was compiled, the one that is not visible from Earth.
The satellite was first visited by the Luna 2 spacecraft. This event took place on September 13, 1959, and it was possible to look beyond the side of the Moon, invisible from the earth, only in 1959, when the Luna-3 space station (USSR) flew over it and was able to photograph it.
After man first walked on the Moon and the Luna (USSR) and Apollo (USA) space programs ended, lunar exploration practically ceased. But with the beginning of this century, China announced its readiness to explore the Moon, as well as to build several inhabited lunar bases there. After this statement, space organizations of leading countries, and in particular the USA (NASA) and ESA (European Space Agency), again launched their space programs.
What will come of this?
We'll see in 2020. It was this year that George Bush planned to land people on the moon. This date is ten years ahead of China, since their space program stated that the creation of habitable lunar bases and the landing of people on them will take place only in 2030.
According to adherents of the theory of evolution, the age of the Earth is 4.5 billion years. However, a mathematical estimate of the Earth's rotation speed shows that this number is much lower.
The Earth rotates around its axis every day, and the Moon slowly rotates around our planet (a full revolution in 29.5 days); lunar gravity affects the part of the Earth closest to the Moon much stronger than the part farthest away. As a result, two small bulges form in the world's oceans: one on the side of the globe closest to the Moon, and the other in the most distant part. The different lunar gravity for different parts of the planet causes two daily tides instead of one, which would be expected with equal gravity. Solar gravity produces the same effect, but much weaker. When the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon reinforce each other, we experience high spring tides, and when they are at right angles to each other (relative to the Earth), we experience decreasing tides.
The interaction of the Earth and the Moon has a number of consequences that indicate that this system could not have existed for billions of years. Let's look at three main interrelated aspects: the distance to the Moon, the equatorial bulge of the Earth and tidal braking.
Distance to the Moon
Tides, moving around the globe to the west, reach the eastern shores of the continents, stopping their movement. Tidal waves are, of course, very slow and relatively low. The big waves we see are usually caused by winds and storms in the open sea. The effect of tides on the eastern shores slows down the Earth's rotation. The slowing down of the Earth is accompanied by a transfer of energy to the Moon. Lunar gravity creates two tidal bulges. The Earth's rotation shifts the bulge closest to the Moon slightly forward, accelerating the Moon's orbital motion. The distant bulge appears behind the Moon and slows it down; but because it is further away, it has less effect on the Moon.
Therefore, the Moon moves faster and faster, shifting to an orbit further away from the Earth. So, energy is transferred from the Earth, which is slowing down its rotation, to the Moon, which is accelerating and moving away from the Earth. The increase in distance was accurately measured using a laser beam reflected from a mirror installed on the Moon. The removal turned out to be 40 millimeters per year. If the Earth-Moon system lasts long enough, they will eventually rotate synchronously, and the length of the day will be 50 times longer than today.
The Moon is located at a distance of 382 thousand km from the Earth and is moving away by 4 centimeters per year. This value is not constant; as the Moon moves away, it decreases in proportion to the sixth power of the distance.
The gravitational pull of the Moon and Earth creates stress in the rocks of both planets. If the Moon had been much closer in the past, this tension would have torn it apart. The smallest distance an object can approach another while orbiting it is called the Roche limit, and it can be calculated for any astronomical object. For the Earth-Moon system, the value of this minimum distance is 18,400 km. Taking into account the current distance to the Moon (382 thousand km), we are convinced that the Earth-Moon system has existed for no more than 320 million years. Like many other things related to the age of the Earth, this problem baffles proponents of the theory of evolution, which requires much longer periods of time.
The Moon's influence on the Earth's equatorial bulge
William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) was one of the most eminent scientists of his time. He introduced the absolute temperature scale and formulated the first and second laws of thermodynamics. He calculated the age of the Earth based on the speed of rotation of its axis. Let's imagine for a moment that the Earth arose 4.5 billion years ago in the form of a molten ball (this is what evolutionists believe). The Moon would have been much closer to the Earth and therefore would have produced much larger tides. This gravitational force would create a large bulge of molten rock at the equator. Then, when the planet began to cool, it would solidify. Since the existing bulge is very slight, we can conclude that things were different. Lord Kelvin showed that even if the Earth had existed a billion years ago and was still liquid, its rotation rate would have been sufficient to form a bulge at the equator that would still exist today. As rotation slowed, the oceans would move toward the poles, exposing a belt of land around the equator. As we see, this did not happen.
Slowing down of the Earth's rotation under the influence of tidal braking
This phenomenon is a major problem for evolutionists. As we have already said, the tides, reaching the eastern shores of the continents, slow down the rotation of the Earth. Mathematical studies of this issue are quite complex, because the exact strength of the influence of tides, the unevenness of the earth's surface, the loss of energy due to friction, etc. are not known.
But even according to rough estimates, it turns out that not so long ago - by no means 4.5 billion years ago - the Earth rotated much faster. The higher the rotation speed, the greater the tidal braking, so that the estimated past rotation speed increases very quickly. This puts another limit on the lifespan of the Earth-Moon system.
The problem, insoluble for evolutionists, is described in the work of Schlichter 1. The results of his research are shown in the graph on the left. Three different estimates of the decelerating forces are given, and even the most generous estimate gives a rapid increase in rotation rate 2.3 billion years ago. The then enormous speed of rotation of the Earth has since slowly decreased to its modern value - 1 rotation per 24 hours. The most rigorous estimate gives the number 1.4 billion years. Schlichter does not provide an explanation for these results. It only assumes that some factors unknown to us influenced the system very recently, and this led to an underestimation of the calculated value. From all this we can conclude that the slowing effect of the Moon limits the possible age of the Earth to a much shorter period than the 4.5 billion years required by evolutionists. A slight increase in the rotation rate over the past few millennia easily fits into the creation model.
The slowing of the Earth's rotation speed is confirmed by atomic clocks, according to which the day lengthens by a second every 50 thousand years. That is, ten thousand years ago the day was 1/5 of a second shorter, which is quite consistent with creation ideas. But if we trace the exponential decay of the rotation rate backwards, then billions of years ago it should have been immeasurably higher. At such a speed, neither the Earth's atmosphere, nor oceans, nor even mountains could exist.
Stabilizing influence of the Moon
If the Earth had a perfect spherical shape, its axis of rotation could not resist the tendency to shift. Even a small asteroid crashing into the Earth could change the tilt of its rotation angle, causing chaos on the planet's surface. The equatorial bulge of the Earth and the proximity of the Moon limit these fluctuations to a few degrees. 2
Satellites of other planets
Numerous natural satellites revolve around the planets. It was previously assumed that these moons were “caught” by planets, but van Flandern proved that “under ordinary conditions, the gravitational capture of one body by another is virtually impossible.” 3. Most satellites revolve around planets in the same (prograde) direction in which the planets themselves rotate around the Sun.
However, some satellites rotate in the “wrong” (retrograde) direction. The reference books give the angle of inclination of the orbital plane of the satellites; for example, an angle of 175° means a retrograde rotation at an angle of 5° (= 180° - 175°) to the equatorial plane of the planet.
Here are a few more interesting facts:
JUPITER has 12 prograde and 4 retrograde moons. One of the prograde moons, Io, orbits relatively close to Jupiter. This puts limits on the lifespan of the Jupiter-Io system.
NEPTUNE has 7 prograde satellites and one retrograde one - Triton; this large moon is gradually descending towards Neptune.
URANUS has 15 moons and 10 complete rings located in the equatorial plane, but this plane is inclined almost at right angles to the ecliptic (the plane of revolution around the Sun). It is impossible to explain how such a system could arise naturally.
SATURN deserves a separate story - it is difficult to even list all the interesting features of its moons and rings. Saturn's rings are made of rocks that reflect the sun's rays. Many interesting features do not fit into the framework of the generally accepted theory. The two outer moons, Epimetheus and Janus, circle the planet in almost identical orbits. Every four years, when one moon overtakes the other, they simply exchange their orbits—the nearer moon changing at the farther speed and direction! Are moons with such critical orbits really performing their complex maneuvers over billions of years?
With increasingly powerful space probes at the disposal of astronomers, more and more questions arise about how the solar system was able to form naturally. The Earth-Moon system cannot exist for billions of years. The creation of the solar system several thousand years ago to support life on Earth is much more consistent with the results of astronomical research.
Literature:
- Slichter L. Secular effects of Tidal Friction upon the Earth Rotation. Journal of Geophysical Research. 15 Jult 1963, vol.68, N 14, pp 4281-4288.
- See Golovin S. The Flood - myth, legend or reality? Simferopol: Crimean Society of Creation Science, 1994. pp. 50-51.
- See Moon. Simferopol: Crimean Society of Creation Science, 1995.
Malcolm Bowden. The Earth, Moon and Tides.
(From his “True Science Supports the Bible”)
Creation Science Movement (UK), Pamphlet 308. Translated from English by Ian Shapiro.
KOKN. 1997.
When reprinting, a link is required
Influence of the Moon.
The moon is a night star. Circling around the Earth, changing its appearance from night to night, the Moon implicitly influences many earthly processes: the ebb and flow of the sea, the life of the plant world, and even the change in our moods. The moon has a connection with a person’s health, with his destiny, bestowing good luck in certain matters and activities. If each of us has a guardian angel, then for the Earth this role is played by its mysterious companion - the Moon.
Moon month lasts 29.5 days. This is how much time passes from one New Moon to the next. The Moon, as you know, shines with the reflected light of the Sun. At the moment of the New Moon, the Moon is not visible to an earthly observer. At this moment, the light of the Sun does not reach the side of the Moon facing the Earth at all.
New moon this is the moment of the symbolic birth of the Moon. When it is still weak, and its influence on all earthly processes is weak. But at the same time, when the Moon is “born,” it bestows energy on the plans and dreams born with it. Therefore, on the New Moon you should think about the future, about what you want to achieve in the near future.
During this period, many people feel sadness, anxiety, self-doubt, fatigue, and loss of strength. This especially applies to people sensitive to lunar rhythms. During the New Moon, you can notice how very nervous some men are. The fact is that men do not like to lose clarity of what is happening. And the newborn Moon projects some magical nebula of the future.
When the Moon appears in the sky as a thin crescent, and every day, along with the increase in the lunar month, strength increases, energy and optimism increase. There is a desire to implement your plans and change something.
IN Full moon The Moon turns out to be maximally illuminated by the Sun, and then its influence is strongest. Many people experience emotional overload and unexpected mood swings. Women who are most susceptible to the influence of the full moon are especially emotional.
On days of the full moon, gravity decreases. This is probably why in fairy tales the power of the full moon gives people the ability to fly. And most often it was women - witches - who flew, which is very symbolic.
During the Full Moon, more events happen, people don’t want to sit at home, and noisy companies appear on the streets. There are also more events and incidents happening in the world, as you can see by turning on the TV or listening to the radio.
Then the Moon begins to wane, and, little by little, day by day, the energy decreases, emotions become more stable. In the last days of the lunar month, you can feel heaviness, fatigue, and depression.
From New Moon to Full Moon the Moon is called Growing, because her sickle, as we can see, increases every night - grows.
And vice versa, on days Decreasing Moon (from Full Moon to New Moon) the crescent moon decreases - wanes.
The energy of the Waxing Moon gives strength to both the new sprout and a new plan, idea, business. Therefore, it is better to plant plants and start business on the Waxing Moon.
A job started during the Waning Moon is more difficult to complete. You will have to put more of your energy into it. You can compare starting a new business at the wrong time, i.e. during the Waning Moon with the process of sailing on a boat against the current. Any rower will agree that it is easier and faster to go with the flow.
First phase (quarter) The moon lasts from the New Moon until the moment when half of the waxing Moon becomes visible in the sky. During this quarter, the Moon can be compared to a small child; she took a symbolic birth at the time of the New Moon and is now gaining strength.
These days, the Moon helps the processes of learning, planning, collecting various information, mental work, and studying the world around us.
Second quarter lasts from the moment when you can see the half moon until the full moon. Here the moon is in all its glory. And if we draw a parallel with human life, these are the young, most active years. These days, the Moon is favorable to any active actions and people who do not sit still during the 2nd quarter.
Third phase lasts from the Full Moon to the moment when half of the Waning Moon is visible in the sky. This is the age of maturity. The moon has already passed its peak, and now favors those who share their knowledge and experience with others. This is a period of interaction, communication and active recreation.
Fourth phase lasts from the night when half of the waning Moon is visible until the Moon completely disappears from visibility at the New Moon. Luna has little strength anymore. Now she is like a wise person. Therefore, during this phase you need to analyze your mistakes in order to become a little wiser. It is necessary to reduce activity and reduce social hours, leaving time for solitude and reflection. You can practice relaxation and meditation to prepare for the new lunar month.
By following the lunar rhythm, we can gain strength every month and get rid of problems and poor health. This means, for example, in phase 2, do not sit still, act, play sports. And in phase 4, on the contrary, rest more and relieve tension.
Unspent energy on the Waxing Moon can cause illness on the Waning Moon. Overuse of energy on the Waning Moon will also lead you to poor health, which will appear after the New Moon.
Plants know about lunar rhythms without any prompting, but we can look into the lunar calendar.
Lunar day begins with moonrise in a given area and continues until the next sunrise. This is a Western tradition. In some eastern calendars, the lunar day lasts a day (from 0 o'clock one day to 0 o'clock the next). Therefore, when you turn to their sources, you may read completely different descriptions of lunar days.
There are either 29 or 30 days in a lunar month. It all depends on whether the Moon has time to rise in a given area one more time before the New Moon.
The first lunar day begins not at sunrise, but at the moment of the New Moon. Therefore, both the first lunar day and the thirtieth can be short.
The energy of the lunar day is a kind of background. Bad events, of course, happen on the most favorable lunar days, but then everything ends well and is easily resolved. If we return to the analogy with the rower, then actions on unfavorable lunar days are like swimming in a stormy ocean. Therefore, it is better not to schedule important matters such as moving, a wedding, buying a car, real estate, or signing an important contract for these days.
Actions on favorable lunar days can be compared to swimming in calm water on a sunny, warm day. And sailing is easy and pleasant for the soul. Of course, where you swim depends only on you. But you will get help.
Days considered unfavorable for important matters changing lunar phases- the day of the New Moon, Full Moon, and the days of the beginning of the 2nd and 4th quarters (exactly half of the Moon in the sky.
Also, an unfavorable time is considered to be the period Moons without a course, or idle moon. This is the period when the Moon is preparing to change its zodiac sign and does not enter into new interactions with other planets until it changes sign.
We can say that the Moon has no support from either the Sun or the planets. Likewise, things started at this time will not have any support.
During the Moon without a course, there is a lot of confusion and confusion in business and daily life. What is planned is not realized, what has been done has to be redone. Many accidents happen under the idle Moon and immediately after, as a result of incorrect actions during the Moon without a course. The single Moon greatly harms its “lunar affairs”, on which it has the greatest impact. Don't get a new hairstyle or get married when the Moon is idling.
Special moments are eclipses Moons. Every year there are between two and four lunar eclipses. According to the astronomical classification, lunar eclipses are total, partial and penumbral. The effect of any eclipse can be compared to a kind of fog that envelops our planet.
These days, the adverse effects on health and psyche are increasing.
It becomes more difficult to figure out what is good, what is bad, what suits and does not suit us. Therefore, during the days of the eclipse, you need to take a break, not make important decisions, and not start new things. The consequences of what we change in our lives during eclipses can be called fatal. During the days of an eclipse, some people feel something like a black cloud over their heads, a certain pressure. Others don't notice anything at all. A total eclipse has the greatest negative impact, a partial eclipse is weaker, and a penumbral eclipse is even weaker.
The Moon is the natural and only satellite planet Earth. In our sky, this is the second brightest celestial body (the first is the Sun).
It is separated from our planet by 384 thousand kilometers (which is equal to 30 diameters of the Earth), quite close. This is also confirmed by the fact that the first automatic stations visited the Moon half a century ago. Although man has probably never set foot on the satellite of our planet.
Physical characteristics of the Moon
If you compare the Moon with the satellites of other planets, you can understand that it is quite large (the fifth largest of all). Its area is approximately 13.5 times smaller than the Earth’s, but the satellite is 81 times smaller in mass.
The satellite completes a full revolution around the Earth in 27.3 days.
The temperature on the surface is sub-zero. Moreover, it ranges from -240 °C to 117 °C. Of course, it is impossible to live in such conditions. In addition, there is practically no atmosphere on it.
Generally speaking, the surface of the satellite is a rather dull sight. It is a mixture of dust and rocky debris (from meteorite impacts on the surface). And this is combined with a black sky (due to the lack of atmosphere, eternal night reigns there).
The influence of the Moon on planet Earth
The most famous effect is ebb and flow. The Moon creates two bulges at opposite ends of the planet: one is located in a place facing the satellite, and the second is at the opposite end of the Earth. Thus, it is clear that these bulges are constantly shifting.
For land this effect is almost imperceptible, but for water it has some effect. In the open ocean it is only 30-40 centimeters - almost nothing. But when the wave approaches the shore, it rolls onto the hard bottom, due to which it greatly increases its height.
The maximum amplitude is 18 meters, observed in the Bay of Fundy.
The Moon always faces the Earth with only one side. This happens because to rotate around its axis it needs to spend the same time as it takes to rotate in orbit around the Earth. Thus, from the surface of the planet we will not be able to see the back side of our satellite - only in photographs.
Moon gradually moving away from the Earth, approximately 4 centimeters per year.
Although the Moon illuminates the Earth at night, it is not itself a source of light. It only reflects sunlight onto our planet. Well, the amount of reflected light depends on the phase of the moon (the full moon has the most light).
There are organizations that sell plots on the Moon. The owner receives a certificate of ownership, however, such certificates are not valid.
It is believed that the Moon was formed as a result of the collision of a certain cosmic body with the Earth. A piece of that object is the Moon.
What influence does the Moon have on the Earth? Hypotheses for the formation of the Moon
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Under the influence of the Moon's gravity, the Earth's body experiences elastic deformation, taking the shape of a symmetrical egg, extended towards the Moon along a line connecting the centers of the Moon and the Earth. The water shell is subject to especially noticeable deformation. At the point of the ocean surface closest to the moon and at the diametrically opposite point, a swelling of the water mass (tidal protrusion) is formed, and on a circle located in the middle between these points, perpendicular to the Earth-Moon line, a depression of the water surface occurs.
Due to the rotation of the Earth, tidal protrusions turn into a tidal wave, which circles the globe, moving towards the rotation of the earth, i.e. from east to west. The passage of a wave crest through some place creates a tide, and the passage of a wave trough creates an ebb. During the lunar day there are two increases and two decreases in sea level. The time interval between the two highest (or lowest) level states is 12 hours 25 minutes. A tidal wave running across the World Ocean towards the rotation of the Earth slows down this rotation. Earth's day gradually becomes longer by 1 s every 40 thousand years.
The origin of the moon is the subject of a number of hypotheses:
The formation of the moon from the same gas-dust cloud occurred simultaneously with the earth
The Earth rotated very quickly and shed some of its matter
The moon was captured as a foreign body by the earth
There was a glancing impact on the ground of a cosmic body, the mass of which corresponds to the mass of Mars, and the ejection of material from the Earth's mantle into near-Earth space, followed by the formation of the moon from this material.
8-9. How are general relativity and the expansion model of the universe related? What models support the big bang model?
L. Einstein (1878-1955), based on the theory of relativity, proposed a model of the Universe, which is a closed three-dimensional space, finite in volume and unchanging in time. In 1922, the Russian mathematician A. A. Friedman (1888-1925), based on the postulate of the homogeneity of the Universe, based on the equations of the general theory of relativity, received an interesting conclusion; curved space cannot be stationary; it must either expand or contract. This fundamentally new result was confirmed in 1929, after the discovery by American astronomer E. Hubble of a red shift of spectral lines in the radiation of the galaxies around us. The red shift is explained on the basis of the Doppler effect, which states that when any source of vibration moves away from us, the frequency of vibrations perceived by us decreases and the wavelength increases.
In 1964, American astrophysicists L. Penzias and R. Wilson experimentally discovered background electromagnetic radiation (relict radiation), identical in all directions and independent of the time of day. This radiation is equivalent to blackbody radiation with a temperature of about 3 K. It is observed at wavelengths ranging from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. The origin of the cosmic microwave background radiation is associated with the evolution of the Universe, which in the past had a very high temperature and density.
7. What are stars? What are they? Source of star energy.
What is the prospect for the evolution of the Sun?
Stars- These are gas balls that shine with their own light. Separate groups of stars - constellations - were identified in ancient times. Supergiants have a mass equal to 60 solar masses. Dwarf stars significantly smaller in size than the Sun. Neutron stars or pulsars– their diameter is only 20-30 km. Based on the nature of the glow, they are distinguished: variable stars (change their brightness and emission spectrum), red giants, yellow and white dwarfs (formed as a result of the decay of red giants). “Cold” stars are red with a temperature of 3-4 thousand degrees, the sun with a temperature of 6 thousand degrees is yellowish, the hottest stars with a temperature above 12 thousand degrees are white and bluish. Protostars have a low temperature and consist of faintly luminous gas. Protostar– the initial state in the birth of a star, formed as a result of the condensation of cosmic matter, has a low temperature and consists of a weakly luminous gas.
The source of the star's luminosity is thermonuclear reactions converting hydrogen into helium, occurring at high temperatures.
The lifespan of the Sun is determined by the conversion of hydrogen into helium in its depths. Calculations have shown that nuclear fuel should be enough for another 5 billion years. When hydrogen reserves decrease, the helium core will contract, and the outer layers, on the contrary, will expand, and the Sun will turn first into a “red giant” and then into a “white dwarf”, following the usual path of stellar evolution.
Tweets about the Chaun Marcus universe
25. How does the Moon affect the Earth?
25. How does the Moon affect the Earth?
Twice a day the sea approaches the beaches and then retreats. Such tides, first explained by Isaac Newton, are caused by the Moon.
Contrary to popular belief, tides on Earth are caused not so much by the Moon's gravity as by changes in the gravity of the Moon.
The Moon's gravity acts most strongly on the ocean directly in front of it, less strongly on the center of the Earth, and least strongly on the ocean on the far side...
Thus, the oceans swell in two directions: on the one hand, because water is pulled away from the Earth; on the other hand, because the Earth is leaving the water.
As the Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours, two tidal bulges travel across the oceans, creating two tides per day at each point.
In fact, the Moon's gravity pulls out tidal bulges. This action “slows down” the rotation of the Earth. The Moon reacts by retreating from the Earth.
The moon creates "tides" in the mountains in the same way as in water, although smaller due to the rigidity of the mountains. Such tidal stretching can contribute to earthquakes.
The Large Hadron Collider near Geneva detects stretching and contraction twice a day as the Moon stretches and contracts the 27 km ring of the "atom accelerator".
The Sun also creates tides in the oceans, but only 1/3 of what the Moon produces. When the Sun and Moon come together, we get the highest tides.
High tides, winds and funnel-shaped currents can create a tidal wave - a hump of water that retains its shape for many kilometers and can even be used for surfing.
In the past, when the Moon was closer, the tides were higher than they are today. At its birth, the Moon was 10 times closer and the tides were 1000 times higher.
The Moon not only causes tides, but can also “destroy” the Sun. A total solar eclipse was a horror for ancient people. They used a rattling pan to scare away the sun-eating monster (it always worked!).
Total solar eclipses changed history. During the battle between Lydia and Media (Turkey, 585 BC), the Earth was plunged into darkness. This was a bad omen. The armies laid down their arms.
From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archaeology. Miscellaneous] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich From the book Interesting about astronomy author Tomilin Anatoly Nikolaevich From the book Crazy Ideas author Radunskaya Irina Lvovna From the book Interplanetary Travel [Flights into outer space and reaching celestial bodies] author Perelman Yakov Isidorovich3. What is the Moon? The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth and the largest celestial body closest to us. It took humanity many years to come to this conclusion. The first assumptions were that this was the head of an all-seeing god. Didn't exist then
From the book Physics at every step author Perelman Yakov Isidorovich7. The Moon is a dead world. The seas and oceans of the Moon are waterless. A lunar day lasts 29.53 earth days. For half a month, the rays of the Sun, not weakened by the atmosphere, burn the surface of the unfortunate planet, heating it to 100–120 degrees Celsius. The Moon has almost no atmosphere. On a moonlit night under a cold sky the soil
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From the book Who Invented Modern Physics? From Galileo's pendulum to quantum gravity author Gorelik Gennady Efimovich From the book Knocking on Heaven's Door [Scientific view of the structure of the Universe] by Randall LisaArtificial Moon We can, if you wish, immediately give a short test to our cannonball, “acting as a celestial body. Let us check whether it obeys, for example, Kepler’s third law, which states: “The squares of the revolution times of celestial bodies are related between
From the book Tweets about the Universe by Chaun MarcusHow the Earth was weighed First of all, it is necessary to explain the meaning of the expression: “weigh the Earth.” After all, even if it were possible to put the globe on some kind of scales, then where would these scales be installed? When we talk about the weight of something, we are essentially talking about the force with
From the book “Crazy” Ideas author Radunskaya Irina LvovnaLaser and the Moon Bell Labs used one of the first lasers to study the surface topography of the Moon. During the Apollo 11 mission, sent to the Moon on July 21, 1969, astronauts installed two corner reflectors on the surface that could reflect laser light,
From the author's book From the author's bookFrom heaven to earth and back In modern physics they talk about four fundamental forces. The force of gravity was the first to be discovered. The law of universal gravitation, known to schoolchildren, determines the force of attraction F between any masses m and M, separated by a distance R: F = G mM/R2. For schoolchildren
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From the author's bookMoon 21. How big is the Moon and how far away is it? The Moon is our closest cosmic neighbor. It is also our only natural satellite and the only celestial body visited by people. The average distance between the Earth and the Moon (center - center) is 384,400 km.
From the author's bookFrom heaven to earth The joy of seeing and understanding is the most beautiful gift of nature. Einstein The mystery of the sky blue Why is the sky blue?.. There is no person who has not thought about this at least once in his life. The medieval people tried to explain the origin of the color of the sky
I remember my father took me to a fortified island off the northwestern coast of France. I was about seven years old at the time; my family and I were on vacation in Normandy. The path to the abbey lay through a dam (I won’t tell you the size, at that age everything seemed huge to me), I still thought then, why is there a dam here, there is only sand all around, these French are strange. Later, the space around the island began to rapidly fill with water. The speed of the tide was so impressive that a few moments later the water surface completely surrounded the fortress, only a small bridge connecting the abbey with the mainland was visible.
I looked at my father, puzzled, and in response I heard something about the Moon. “ What is the connection between the moon and the elements”: I thought at that moment.
The influence of the Moon on the Earth
Since time immemorial, this natural satellite of the earth has attracted not only the views, but also the thoughts of people around the globe. Some called the Moon a goddess and endowed her with mystical powers, while others tried to find a mechanical connection between this astronomical body and the processes occurring on our home planet.
How does our closest neighbor in limitless space let us know about its existence:
- influences the shape of the Earth, and changes the axis of rotation of our planet;
- slows down the Earth's rotation speed;
- causes ebbs and flows;
- takes part in illuminating the Earth.
And no, these are not the magical properties of the satellite. All these processes obey the elementary laws of Newtonian physics. The fact is that the Moon has sufficient mass to influence our planet in a similar way. Ebbs and flows are a direct consequence law of universal gravitation(The Moon has a stronger pull on the closest part of the Earth; see image). What’s even more interesting is that the surface of the planet is also deformed due to the Moon.
If we go even further, friction of water masses caused by the attraction of the Moon, slows down the rotation of our planet. If you don't have enough of one more hour in your day, you can wait 200 million years (at least that's what scientists assure us).
What happens if the moon suddenly disappears
Let's go from the opposite. I will say right away that the chances for humanity are disappointing.
The orbit of rotation of our home planet around the Sun will instantly change, and the same fate awaits the axis of rotation of the Earth around itself. The change in orbit will trigger seismic activity across the globe. Humanity faces natural disasters for every taste: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and tsunamis. Hollywood will begin filming a film without special effects.